• Crystal Structure of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease in Complex with the Non-Covalent Inhibitor ML188

      Lockbaum, Gordon J.; Reyes, Archie C.; Lee, Jeong Min; Tilvawala, Ronak; Nalivaika, Ellen A.; Ali, Akbar; Yilmaz, Nese Kurt; Thompson, Paul R; Schiffer, Celia A. (2021-01-25)
      Viral proteases are critical enzymes for the maturation of many human pathogenic viruses and thus are key targets for direct acting antivirals (DAAs). The current viral pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is in dire need of DAAs. The Main protease (M(pro)) is the focus of extensive structure-based drug design efforts which are mostly covalent inhibitors targeting the catalytic cysteine. ML188 is a non-covalent inhibitor designed to target SARS-CoV-1 M(pro), and provides an initial scaffold for the creation of effective pan-coronavirus inhibitors. In the current study, we found that ML188 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) at 2.5 microM, which is more potent than against SAR-CoV-1 M(pro). We determined the crystal structure of ML188 in complex with SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) to 2.39 A resolution. Sharing 96% sequence identity, structural comparison of the two complexes only shows subtle differences. Non-covalent protease inhibitors complement the design of covalent inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 main protease and are critical initial steps in the design of DAAs to treat CoVID 19.
    • State Medicaid Reimbursement for Medications for Chronic Hepatitis C Infection from 2012 through 2015

      Lu, Christine; Zhang, Fang; Golonski, Nicole; Lupton, Caitlin; Jeffrey, Paul L.; Wagner, Anita (2017-11-07)
      New direct-acting antivirals have the ability to cure chronic hepatitis C virus infection, but the costs of these treatments and the number of patients that need them could bring about financial struggles for health systems. This journal article examines Medicaid reimbursement for HCV medications in the periods before and after the aforementioned direct-acting antivirals were made available. The report also analyzes the the effect of Medicaid expansion on reimbursement for direct-acting antivirals.