The availability of pediatric subspecialty care is critically important to the health and well-being of infants, children, and adolescents. Moreover, timely collaboration with pediatric subspecialists is an essential element of the standard of care for children: the community-based medical home. In this model, primary care practice teams coordinate all care for a patient, including subspecialty care. Unfortunately, lack of access to pediatric subspecialty care within the medical home has reached crisis proportions in the United States owing to several interrelated factors: an insufficient number of pediatric subspecialists, dramatically increasing demand for pediatric subspecialty care, a fragmented system of pediatric primary and specialty care, and inadequate financing of medical education and collaborative primary and specialty pediatric care through the medical home. Recognizing the serious and widespread problems regarding access to pediatric subspecialty care, in 2004 the federal Maternal and Child Health Bureau convened the Expert Work Group on Pediatric Subspecialty Capacity. Its charge was to define the scope of the problem, identify promising approaches for extending pediatric subspecialty capacity, and develop recommendations. The group met 4 times between 2004 and 2007 and, through a series of key informant interviews, literature reviews, and analyses of pediatric subspecialty workforce data, prepared a series of reports and recommendations. This commentary is based on the deliberations of the Expert Work Group.

The time has come to consider the need for major reforms in adolescent medicine training. At least 4 reform options should be examined: 1) extending the length of the mandatory adolescent medicine rotation, 2) introducing more flexibility in residency programs to allow for formalized optional training tracks in adolescent medicine 3) creating a combined pediatrics/adolescent medicine residency, and 4) increasing the availability of one-year adolescent medicine clinical training programs after completion of categorical training in general pediatrics. Each option has distinct strengths and weaknesses.

This report examines the current state of adolescent medicine fellowship programs -- including the supply and recruitment of fellows; the nature and content of clinical, research, and leadership training; and the institutional and financial challenges facing training programs today -- and offers recommendations for building the field. The report is based on findings from the first comprehensive national survey of adolescent medicine fellowship program directors, conducted in the spring of 2007 by Incenter Strategies. The document also presents selected findings from two other Incenter Strategies’ surveys conducted in 2007: one of pediatric residency program directors and the other of adolescent medicine faculty responsible for the one-month pediatric residency rotation. In addition, the report presents findings from key informant interviews and an extensive literature review.