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High-resolution 3D flow reconstruction of cerebrospinal fluid microcirculation using physics-informed neural network: Conceptualization and application to a large animal model

Epshtein, Mark
Mekler, Tirosh
Shazeeb, Mohammed Salman
Lindsay, Clifford
Gounis, Matthew J
Korin, Netanel
Anagnostakou, Vania
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Abstract

In this study, we present a novel Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) framework that reconstructs 3D flows using planar velocity projections from arbitrarily oriented planes. The method is designed for the reconstruction of low-Reynolds-number flows typical of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the subarachnoid space (SAS). The method utilizes a projection loss function combined with gradient smoothing regularization during network training. We show that plane orientation with perturbations of 0.05 (relative to the main flow axis) or greater is sufficient axial data for accurate reconstruction. Additionally, gradient exponential moving average smoothing with amplification improves convergence and stability, particularly for near-parallel planes of acquisition. The method was compared against computational fluid dynamics (CFD) data and applied to flow in a realistic canine SAS geometry derived from intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT), demonstrating the framework's potential for in-vivo CSF flow imaging.

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Epshtein M, Mekler T, Shazeeb MS, Lindsay C, Gounis MJ, Korin N, Anagnostakou V. High-resolution 3D flow reconstruction of cerebrospinal fluid microcirculation using physics-informed neural network: Conceptualization and application to a large animal model. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2026 Apr 24;283:109405. doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2026.109405. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42114465.

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10.1016/j.cmpb.2026.109405
PubMed ID
42114465
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Copyright © 2026. Published by Elsevier B.V.
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