Cancer is a common diagnosis. In conjunction with various anti-neoplastic therapies delivered sequentially or concurrently, it makes oncology patients among the most complex to treat. This review uses a series of case studies to discuss the diagnosis and treatment of cancer-related nerve and muscle disorders. Oncologic treatment interventions such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and hormonal therapy, often have predictable side-effects, and sometimes their associated disability can be mitigated, especially if recognized early. Disease progression can mimic other diagnoses. The case studies provide a lens through which to study the presenting symptoms, differential diagnoses, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment interventions. These are all considered within the context of the patient's prognosis and health-related quality of life.