Modelling the impact of clot fragmentation on the microcirculation after thrombectomy
El-Bouri, Wahbi K. ; MacGowan, Andrew ; Jozsa, Tamas I. ; Gounis, Matthew J ; Payne, Stephen J.
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Abstract
Many ischaemic stroke patients who have a mechanical removal of their clot (thrombectomy) do not get reperfusion of tissue despite the thrombus being removed. One hypothesis for this 'no-reperfusion' phenomenon is micro-emboli fragmenting off the large clot during thrombectomy and occluding smaller blood vessels downstream of the clot location. This is impossible to observe in-vivo and so we here develop an in-silico model based on in-vitro experiments to model the effect of micro-emboli on brain tissue. Through in-vitro experiments we obtain, under a variety of clot consistencies and thrombectomy techniques, micro-emboli distributions post-thrombectomy. Blood flow through the microcirculation is modelled for statistically accurate voxels of brain microvasculature including penetrating arterioles and capillary beds. A novel micro-emboli algorithm, informed by the experimental data, is used to simulate the impact of micro-emboli successively entering the penetrating arterioles and the capillary bed. Scaled-up blood flow parameters-permeability and coupling coefficients-are calculated under various conditions. We find that capillary beds are more susceptible to occlusions than the penetrating arterioles with a 4x greater drop in permeability per volume of vessel occluded. Individual microvascular geometries determine robustness to micro-emboli. Hard clot fragmentation leads to larger micro-emboli and larger drops in blood flow for a given number of micro-emboli. Thrombectomy technique has a large impact on clot fragmentation and hence occlusions in the microvasculature. As such, in-silico modelling of mechanical thrombectomy predicts that clot specific factors, interventional technique, and microvascular geometry strongly influence reperfusion of the brain. Micro-emboli are likely contributory to the phenomenon of no-reperfusion following successful removal of a major clot.
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El-Bouri WK, MacGowan A, Józsa TI, Gounis MJ, Payne SJ. Modelling the impact of clot fragmentation on the microcirculation after thrombectomy. PLoS Comput Biol. 2021 Mar 12;17(3):e1008515. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008515. PMID: 33711015; PMCID: PMC7990195. Link to article on publisher's site
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This article is based on a previously available preprint on bioRxiv that is also available in eScholarship@UMMS.