Introduction: Prior to the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) had the largest telehealth program in the United States. The pandemic motivated providers within the VA to expand telehealth in effort to reduce disrupted care while mitigating risks. The pandemic provides a rare opportunity to examine how to better engage veterans experiencing housing instability (HI) in telehealth diabetes care.

Methods: Mixed methods design to examine VA video connect (VVC) diabetes care utilization among veterans experiencing HI from March 1, 2019, to March 1, 2022, combining multivariable regression analyses of VA administrative data with semi-structured interviews. Study aims included: (a) examine changes in diabetes care delivery mode over the peri-pandemic timeframe; (b) identify sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with VVC care among veterans with HI; and (c) understand the facilitators and barriers of VVC utilization.

Results: Totally, 5904 veterans were eligible for study analysis. Veterans who are female (OR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.3, 2.0; p < 0.0001), self-identify as Hispanic (OR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.1, 1.9; p = 0.02), are married (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.2, 1.6; p < 0.0001), and are in VA priority group 1 (OR: 1.21; 95% CI 1.1, 1.4; p = 0.004) were more likely to use VVC the pandemic. Veterans of older age (OR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.97, 0.98; p < .0001) and rural dwelling (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.7, 1.2; p = 0.04), were less likely to use VVC. Thirteen VA providers and 15 veterans were interviewed. Veterans reported that decisions about using VVC were driven by limitations in in-person care availability, safety, and convenience.

Discussion: Telehealth played an important role in providing veterans with HI access to diabetes care during the pandemic. Future interventions should seek to increase education and technology in effort to increase VVC uptake into routine diabetes care to ensure veterans' optimal and equitable access.