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Modeling health and well-being measures using ZIP code spatial neighborhood patterns

Jain, Abhi
LaValley, Michael
Dukes, Kimberly
Lane, Kevin
Winter, Michael
Spangler, Keith R
Cesare, Nina
Wang, Biqi
Rickles, Michael
Mohammed, Shariq
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Journal Article
Publication Date
2024-04-22
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Abstract

Individual-level assessment of health and well-being permits analysis of community well-being and health risk evaluations across several dimensions of health. It also enables comparison and rankings of reported health and well-being for large geographical areas such as states, metropolitan areas, and counties. However, there is large variation in reported well-being within such large spatial units underscoring the importance of analyzing well-being at more granular levels, such as ZIP codes. In this paper, we address this problem by modeling well-being data to generate ZIP code tabulation area (ZCTA)-level rankings through spatially informed statistical modeling. We build regression models for individual-level overall well-being index and scores from five subscales (Physical, Financial, Social, Community, Purpose) using individual-level demographic characteristics as predictors while including a ZCTA-level spatial effect. The ZCTA neighborhood information is incorporated by using a graph Laplacian matrix; this enables estimation of the effect of a ZCTA on well-being using individual-level data from that ZCTA as well as by borrowing information from neighboring ZCTAs. We deploy our model on well-being data for the U.S. states of Massachusetts and Georgia. We find that our model can capture the effects of demographic features while also offering spatial effect estimates for all ZCTAs, including ones with no observations, under certain conditions. These spatial effect estimates provide community health and well-being rankings of ZCTAs, and our method can be deployed more generally to model other outcomes that are spatially dependent as well as data from other states or groups of states.

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Jain A, LaValley M, Dukes K, Lane K, Winter M, Spangler KR, Cesare N, Wang B, Rickles M, Mohammed S. Modeling health and well-being measures using ZIP code spatial neighborhood patterns. Sci Rep. 2024 Apr 22;14(1):9180. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-58157-w. PMID: 38649687; PMCID: PMC11035567.

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DOI
10.1038/s41598-024-58157-w
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38649687
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Open Access: This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:// creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by/4. 0/. © The Author(s) 2024