Evaluating the substrate-envelope hypothesis: structural analysis of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors designed to be robust against drug resistance
Authors
Nalam, Madhavi N. L.Ali, Akbar
Altman, Michael D.
Reddy, G. S. Kiran Kumar
Chellappan, Sripriya
Kairys, Visvaldas
Ozen, Aysegul
Cao, Hong
Gilson, Michael K.
Tidor, Bruce
Rana, Tariq M.
Schiffer, Celia A.
UMass Chan Affiliations
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyDocument Type
Journal ArticlePublication Date
2010-05-20Keywords
Catalytic DomainCrystallography, X-Ray
Drug Design
*Drug Resistance, Viral
HIV Protease
HIV Protease Inhibitors
HIV-1
Humans
Models, Molecular
Protein Binding
Protein Structure, Tertiary
*Structure-Activity Relationship
Molecular Biology
Structural Biology
Virology
Metadata
Show full item recordAbstract
Drug resistance mutations in HIV-1 protease selectively alter inhibitor binding without significantly affecting substrate recognition and cleavage. This alteration in molecular recognition led us to develop the substrate-envelope hypothesis which predicts that HIV-1 protease inhibitors that fit within the overlapping consensus volume of the substrates are less likely to be susceptible to drug-resistant mutations, as a mutation impacting such inhibitors would simultaneously impact the processing of substrates. To evaluate this hypothesis, over 130 HIV-1 protease inhibitors were designed and synthesized using three different approaches with and without substrate-envelope constraints. A subset of 16 representative inhibitors with binding affinities to wild-type protease ranging from 58 nM to 0.8 pM was chosen for crystallographic analysis. The inhibitor-protease complexes revealed that tightly binding inhibitors (at the picomolar level of affinity) appear to "lock" into the protease active site by forming hydrogen bonds to particular active-site residues. Both this hydrogen bonding pattern and subtle variations in protein-ligand van der Waals interactions distinguish nanomolar from picomolar inhibitors. In general, inhibitors that fit within the substrate envelope, regardless of whether they are picomolar or nanomolar, have flatter profiles with respect to drug-resistant protease variants than inhibitors that protrude beyond the substrate envelope; this provides a strong rationale for incorporating substrate-envelope constraints into structure-based design strategies to develop new HIV-1 protease inhibitors.Source
J Virol. 2010 May;84(10):5368-78. Epub 2010 Mar 17. Link to article on publisher's site
DOI
10.1128/JVI.02531-09Permanent Link to this Item
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14038/26014PubMed ID
20237088Notes
Co-author Aysegul Ozen is a student in the Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology program in the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (GSBS) at UMass Medical School.
Related Resources
ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
10.1128/JVI.02531-09