Study of the Function and Dynamics of Myosin II and Actin in Cytokinesis: A Dissertation

Abstract

Myosin II and actin are two major components of the ingressing cortex during cytokinesis. However, their structural dynamics and functions during cytokinesis are still poorly understood. To study the role of myosin II in cortical actin turnover, dividing normal rat kidney (NRK) cells were treated with blebbistatin, a potent inhibitor of the non-muscle myosin II ATPase. Blebbistatin caused a strong inhibition of actin filament turnover and cytokinesis. Local release of blebbistatin at the equator caused inhibition of cytokinesis, while treatment in the polar region also caused a high frequency of abnormal cytokinesis, suggesting that myosin II may play a global role. These observations indicate that myosin II ATPase is essential for actin turnover and remodeling during cytokinesis. To further study the mechanism of myosin II and actin recruitment to the cytokinetic furrow, equatorial cortex were observed with total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRF-M) coupled with spatial temporal image correlation spectroscopy (STICS) and a new approach termed temporal differential microscopy (TDM). The results indicated at least partially independent mechanisms for the early equatorial recruitment of myosin II and actin filaments. Cortical myosin II showed no detectable directional flow toward the equator. In addition to de novo equatorial assembly, localized inhibition of disassembly appeared to contribute to the formation of the equatorial myosin II band. In contrast, actin filaments underwent a striking, myosin II dependent flux toward the equator. However, myosin II was not required for equatorial actin concentration, suggesting that there was a flux-independent, de novo mechanism. The study was then extended to retraction fibers found typically on mitotic adherent cells, to address the hypothesis that they may facilitate post-mitotic spreading. Cells with retraction fibers showed increased spreading speed in post-mitotic spreading compared to cells without retraction fibers. In addition, micromanipulation study suggested that retraction fibers may guide the direction of post-mitotic spreading. Focal adhesion proteins were present at the tips of retraction fibers, and may act as small nucleators for focal adhesions reassembly that help cell quickly respread and regrow focal adhesions. These findings may suggest a general mechanism utilized by adherent cells to facilitate post-mitotic spreading and reoccupy their previous territory.