The crystal structure of the allosteric tetrameric hemoglobin from Scapharca inaequivalvis (HbII) has been determined in the carbonmonoxy liganded state using a combination of anomalous scattering and molecular replacement. The molecular model has been refined at 2.0 A resolution to a conventional R-factor of 0.173 and a free R-factor of 0.244. The tetramer is formed from two identical heterodimers. Each heterodimer is assembled with intersubunit contacts involving the E and F helices and heme groups in a manner that is very similar to that of the cooperative Scapharca homodimeric hemoglobin. In addition, the ordered water structure observed in these dimeric interfaces is quite similar. These structural similarities strongly suggest that the dimers within the Scapharca tetramer are cooperative. Subunits assemble into a tetramer in a distinctly non-tetrahedral arrangement, with the pseudo 2-fold axes of the heterodimer oriented at an angle of 74.5 degrees relative to the molecular 2-fold. This arrangement requires that two subunit types have distinct locations and contacts, despite the very similar tertiary structures. HbII polymerizes to higher-order assemblages in a ligand, proton and anion dependent fashion. The lattice contacts in the HbII-CO crystal suggest possible modes for this association.