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A gender analysis of the study of pharmacotherapy of psychotic depression (STOP-PD): gender and age as predictors of response and treatment-associated changes in body mass index and metabolic measuresBACKGROUND: Gender differences exist in psychiatric disorders; however, gender has not been well studied in psychotic depression. This analysis of the largest clinical trial in psychotic depression examined the effects of age and gender on clinical characteristics and predictors of treatment outcome and treatment-associated changes in body mass index (BMI) and metabolic measures. METHOD: Secondary analyses were performed on data from 259 subjects with major depressive disorder with psychotic features (DSM-IV-TR) aged 18-93 years in the double-blind randomized controlled trial of olanzapine plus sertraline versus olanzapine plus placebo for psychotic depression (Study of Pharmacotherapy of Psychotic Depression). Sociodemographic factors, clinical characteristics, treatment outcome, and treatment-associated changes in BMI and metabolic measures were analyzed by gender and age. Subjects were enrolled from December 2002 to June 2007. RESULTS: Female gender was associated with divorced (χ(2)(1) = 5.3, P = .03) or widowed (χ(2)(1) = 8.1, P ≤ .01) marital status. Comorbid anxiety disorders were more common in women than in men (χ(2)(1) = 4.9, P = .03). Hallucinations (χ(2)(1) = 7.8, P = .005) and delusions with disorganization (t(257) = -2.10, P = .04) were significantly associated with female gender, as were higher cholesterol measures (χ(2)(1) = 7.15, P = .008). There were no significant interactions between treatment and gender in terms of change in BMI. Gender was not associated with treatment response. DISCUSSION: This study is the first analysis of gender and age as predictors of treatment outcome and treatment-associated changes in BMI and metabolic adverse effects in psychotic depression. Gender differences exist in patients with psychotic depression, most notably with regard to the presence of hallucinations. Female gender was associated with metabolic measures. Future studies with larger sample sizes may detect small gender differences in treatment outcome and treatment-associated changes in BMI and metabolic measures in psychotic depression. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00056472.
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Gender-Specific Factors Associated with Readiness to Quit Smoking among Korean AmericansIntroduction: The study examined gender differences in smoking and factors associated with three stages of readiness to quit smoking (precontemplation with no quit intention in the next 6 months, contemplation with a quit intention in the next 6 months but not in the next month, and preparation with a quit intention in the next month) among Korean Americans. Method: The study is a telephone survey with a randomly selected sample from an online telephone directory. Inclusion criteria for participation were (a) being of 18 and older, (b) identifying self as Korean, and (c) having smoked daily for at least six months prior to the interview. Results: The sample comprised 70 women and 168 men with a 63.8% response rate from eligible respondents. Women were 3 years older on average than were men when they started smoking regularly (t = 3.5, p = 0.001). Women were more likely to smoke inside the house than were men (X2 = 16.5, p < 0.001). Compared to women in the preparation stage, women in precontemplation and contemplation stages had decreased odds of perceiving a family norm favoring quitting and increased odds of perceiving risks of quitting. Compared to men in the preparation stage, men in precontemplation and contemplation stages had decreased odds of perceiving a family norm favoring quitting and benefits of quitting. Previous quit attempts were also a significant factor for both women and men. Conclusions: Korean American female and male smokers are similar in the aspect that they are more likely to be ready to quit when they perceive a family norm favoring quitting. However, they differ in the relationship between perceived risks and benefits of quitting and readiness to quit. These findings underscore the importance of designing gender-tailored smoking cessation interventions in addition to having culture-specific interventions with the group.
